Lower Gastrointestinal Cancer
Lower abdominal cancers encompass a range of malignancies affecting organs such as the colon, rectum, and appendix. These cancers may arise from genetic predispositions, chronic inflammation, or environmental factors. Early detection through regular screenings is crucial, as symptoms may initially be mild or absent, becoming more pronounced as the disease progresses.
At our Cancer Clinic, we prioritize personalized, evidence-based care that emphasizes early detection, innovative treatments, and holistic patient support, addressing both physical and emotional well-being.
Types of Lower Abdominal Cancer:
1. Colorectal Cancer
Colorectal cancer, which includes cancers of the colon and rectum, originates from noncancerous polyps that can develop genetic mutations over time. These mutations are often influenced by factors such as high-fat diets and low fiber intake, which can increase the risk of polyp formation and subsequent cancerous growth. Early detection through regular screenings, such as colonoscopies, is crucial as symptoms may not manifest until the cancer has advanced. Treatment options typically include surgical removal of the affected portion of the colon or rectum (colectomy or proctectomy), followed by chemotherapy, radiation therapy, immunotherapy, or targeted therapy depending on the stage and characteristics of the cancer. Adjuvant therapies like chemotherapy are used to prevent recurrence and manage metastatic disease, highlighting the importance of personalized treatment plans tailored to each patient’s specific condition and needs.
Symptoms:
- Blood in the stool
- Changes in bowel habits
- Abdominal pain
2. Ascending Colon (Right-sided colon)
Description: The ascending colon, the first part of the large intestine, where food enters from the small intestine, begins at the cecum and extends vertically on the right side of the abdomen. Cancer here often develops from genetic mutations in noncancerous polyps, influenced by factors like high-fat diets and low fiber intake. Treatment includes surgery to remove the affected segment (colectomy) and may involve chemotherapy or targeted therapy to manage the disease effectively. Early detection through regular screenings is vital for improving treatment outcomes.
Symptoms:
- Abdominal pain on the right side
- Changes in bowel habits
- Blood in the stool
Treatment involves surgical removal of the affected area followed by chemotherapy if necessary.
3. Transverse Colon
Description: The transverse colon spans horizontally across the upper abdomen, linking the ascending colon on the right and the descending colon on the left. Cancer here often starts from noncancerous polyps, exacerbated by genetic mutations, high-fat diets, and low fiber intake. Early detection through regular screenings is crucial due to asymptomatic early stages. Treatment involves surgical removal of the affected segment, followed by chemotherapy, radiation, immunotherapy, or targeted therapy based on cancer stage and characteristics. Lifestyle changes and ongoing monitoring are essential for recovery and prevention of recurrence.
Symptoms:
- Upper abdominal pain
- Altered bowel habits
- Blood in the stool
Early detection through regular screenings is crucial. Treatment includes surgery and possibly chemotherapy.
Rarely cancer of the stomach can extend to the transverse colon which will necessitate combined gastrectomy.
4. Descending Colon (Left-sided colon)
Description: The descending colon runs down the left side of the abdomen and can develop cancer from noncancerous polyps due to genetic mutations and dietary factors like high-fat diets and low fiber intake. Early detection through regular screenings is essential. Treatment involves surgery to remove the affected portion, possibly followed by chemotherapy, radiation, or targeted therapies based on the cancer’s stage. Lifestyle changes and ongoing monitoring are critical for recovery and prevention of recurrence.
Symptoms:
- Rectal bleeding
- Changes in bowel habits
- Abdominal pain on the left side
Treatment involves surgical removal of the affected part of the colon, followed by chemotherapy or targeted therapy if needed.
5. Ileo-Cecal Cancer
Ileo-cecal cancer originates at the junction of the ileum (the last part of the small intestine) and the cecum (the first part of the large intestine). It often affects the lymphoid tissue in this area and may spread to nearby structures. The exact cause is not fully understood but may involve chronic inflammation, genetic predispositions, and conditions like Crohn’s disease.
Symptoms:
- Abdominal pain or cramping
- Unexplained weight loss
6.Appendix Cancer
Appendix cancer is a rare type of cancer that begins in the appendix, a small, tube-like organ attached to the large intestine. It is often discovered incidentally during surgery or imaging for other conditions. The exact cause is often unknown, but it may be associated with genetic mutations and certain syndromes like Lynch syndrome.
Symptoms:
- Abdominal pain or bloating
- Swelling in the lower right abdomen
Treatment involves Total peritonectomy with intraperitoneal (HIPEC) chemotherapy: which includes complete removal of the peritoneal lining followed by the direct administration of heated chemotherapy into the abdominal cavity.
7. Recto-Sigmoid Cancer
Recto-sigmoid cancer is a type of colorectal cancer that develops in the recto-sigmoid junction, which is the area where the sigmoid colon (the S-shaped part of the large intestine) transitions into the rectum. It typically originates from adenomatous polyps that turn cancerous over time. Causes could be High-fat diets, genetic mutations, and chronic inflammation.
Symptoms:
- Blood in stool
- Persistent constipation or diarrhea
- Sensation of incomplete evacuation.
Alternating diarrhea with constipation
8. Rectum Cancer
Rectum cancer, also known as rectal cancer, begins in the rectum, which is the final portion of the large intestine that connects to the anus. It typically develops from adenomatous polyps or abnormal growths in the lining of the rectum.Genetic factors, diets high in red meat, and family history could be the causes of this type of cancer.
Symptoms:
- Rectal bleeding
- Tenesmus (incomplete bowel movements)
- Changes in stool shape
Treatment
Sphincter-saving surgery: A surgical procedure aimed at removing rectal cancer while preserving the anal sphincter to maintain natural bowel control. It is commonly performed through low anterior resection (LAR) and is preferred when the tumor is located high enough to allow adequate margins without compromising continence.
9. Anal Canal Cancer
Anal canal cancer, also known as anal cancer, develops in the anal canal, which is the short tube at the end of the rectum through which stool passes out of the body. It often originates from the cells lining the anal canal. HPV infection, smoking, and compromised immune systems are known as the causes .
Symptoms:
- Anal bleeding or pain
- Lump near the anus
- Itching or discharge
Diagnostic and Treatment Approaches:
Our clinic employs advanced diagnostic methods and tailored treatments:
- Physical Examination: Detects abnormalities or masses.
- Imaging Tests: CT, MRI, PET scan, ultrasound for evaluation.
- Biopsy: Confirms cancer type through tissue examination.
- Endoscopy procedures.
Treatment Options:
- Curative or palliative procedures like colectomy or resection. For cancers of rectosigmoid, rectum organ and function preserving surgeries are the norm after neoadjuvant treatment except in very early cancers.
- Administered orally or intravenously to destroy cancer cells. (Neoadjuvent / Adjuvant / Palliative)
Comprehensive Care and Outlook:
Our integrated approach includes emotional support, pain management, nutritional guidance, and rehabilitation services. We empower patients through holistic programs like yoga and meditation to promote recovery and well-being.
Results and Consultation:
Explore our comprehensive oncology services for diagnosis, therapy, and personalized support. Connect with us for virtual consultations or call to learn more about your diagnosis and treatment options